Nitrocellulose explosive powder. pipe bombs and pressure cooker IEDs) [1].

Nitrocellulose explosive powder In contrast to black powder, it produces almost all gas The nitrogen content of the nitrocellulose determines the heat of explosion and the gelatinizing behaviour towards mixtures of solvents and blasting oil. Almost half of Russia’s nitrocellulose imports come through a small Turkish company, Noy, which sources the material from the U. The double base type includes both ingredients while the single base type lacks nitroglycerine. [2]The solubility, detonation velocity, and impact sensitivity depend heavily on the level of nitration. Nitrated amylopectin generally has a greater solubility than amylose; however, it is less stable than nitrated amylose. For military requirements, uniformly nitrated nitrocellulose produced from bleached linters can be used, or, alternatively, mixtures of two to three differently nitrated nitrocellulose types. It is obtained by esterification of cellulose and nitric acid. S. It was made out of two forms of nitrocellulose (collodion and guncotton) softened with ethanol and ether and kneaded together. Section 6. The degree of esterification—the number of nitrate groups per glucose unit—is characterized by the nitrogen content, and can be influenced by the composition or the concentration of the Lesmok powder was a product developed by DuPont in 1911, [116] one of several semi-smokeless products in the industry containing a mixture of black and nitrocellulose powder. Smokeless powders are also described by their composition, grain shape and size, how they’re sold and used. Explosives which detonate and propagate at velocities greater than 1000 m/s, are high explosives and include the secondary explosives RDX, HMX, HNS, DIPAM, TETRYL, DATB, TATB, PETN, TNT, most of their compositions, and the nitrocellulose in the military and explosive industry is in the production of pyrotechnics. Nitrocellulose-based propellants are classified as low explosives. Upon ignition, projectiles such as arrows or bits of Nitrocellulose-based products such as celluloid, collodion, and guncotton were widely used in photography, film production, medicine, and warfare. 3 M. In explosive: Nitrocellulosic explosives more stable forms of nitrocellulose. Single-base powder has one primary energetic constituent—nitrocellulose. Early thermal weapons, such as Greek fire, have existed since ancient times. It was invented by British chemists Sir James Dewar and Sir Frederick Augustus Abel in 1889 and later saw use as the standard explosive of the British Army. 3% and 11. Its fast-burning properties make it useful for various pyrotechnic applications. It is a propellant powder, in which combustion is offensive or progressive, depending on the composition. A propellant powder comprising a nitrocellulose explosive and a minor amount of the mixed poly-ethylene glycol It was made by combining two high explosives: nitrocellulose and nitroglycerine. It was the first stabile and reliable propellant. Explosive properties and forensic interest of nitrocellulose. These hot powder gases propel the bullet . 22 and . Nitrocellulose is a single base propellant, which is a low explosive, and therefore covered under the team's Low Explosives User Permit (LEUP). To get higher energy content into propellant and therefore more performance, nitroglycerin (NG) is added to the nitrocellulose. Nitrocellulose In 1846, Chemist Christian Schonbein discovered nitrocellulose or guncotton when he accidently spilled an acid mixture on a cotton apron and the apron Nitrocellulose is still one of the energetic materials with the largest amount, the widest application range and the longest application time in solid propellant owing to its low cost, flammability and explosive [1,2,3]. 5% N). They are similar to double-base powders with nitroguanidine (NQ) added as the third energetic Explosive mixtures containing tetranitromethane (nitroform). Nitrocellulose NC 9004-70-0 26-30% Nitroglycerin NG 55-63-0 20-24% Unusual Fire and Explosion Hazards: Flammable hazard, may detonate under the right conditions. A combustible propellant that sits between the bullet and the primer in the case; On detonation, the ignited powder rapidly decomposes into a hot, forceful gas that instantaneously expands and propels the bullet out of the gun bore ; The chief ingredient of single-base powder is nitrocellulose The first practical smokeless powder made from nitrocellulose, for firearms and artillery ammunition, was invented by French chemist Paul Vieille in 1884. 05 to 2. Regulatory Information While the macroscopic shape of a sample is not useful for determining its explosive, sample heterogeneity on a macroscopic scale can provide valuable information such as TNT and German blackhead powder, have long-range atomic order that results in strong interference of the scattered X-rays. For these applications, nitrocellulose is produced from unbleached linters. A rapid method for the identification of nitrocellulose in high explosives and smokeless The finely divided nitrate is also a very significant dust explosion hazard, maximum explosion pressures above 17. Notably, German subsidiaries of International Flavors & Fragrances sold at least 80 tons of nitrocellulose to Noy, which then shipped it to Russia. Evolution of gun powder • Gunpowder is the first explosive to have been developed • "Four great inventions“ • It was invented in china during late 9th century • The chinese first used gunpowder in warfare in 904, as "flying fires. Double-base propellants generally contain nitrocellulose (guncotton), a liquid organic nitrate (e. Dust explosion possible if in powder or granular form, mixed with air. Gun cotton is a highly explosive compound that must be handled with care. In some cases, IEDs can The two main ingredients in smokeless powder are nitrocellulose and nitroglycerine. Sources: Nitrocellulose is sold in gun shops to those with the proper licenses in some countries. Nitrocellulose membrane or nitrocellulose paper is a sticky membrane used for Western blots and immobilizing DNA. Double and triple base powders contain nitroglycerin and are probably best avoided for use in fireworks. Values for the critical ignition temperature of 60 and 41°C for induction periods of 7 and 60 days, respectively, have been recorded. Avoid raising powdered This means that in UK law, Black Powder is considered an explosive (Explosives Regulations 2014 S2(1)(a)), and an Explosives Certificate with the UN numbers 0027 and 0028 listed is required in order to acquire and keep Black Powder (ER2014 S4(1)(b)). Games; Games; Word of the Day; Grammar Black powder is thought to have originated in China, where it was being used in fireworks and signals by the 10th century. , 10. Our threaded one-piece nails excel in both fixed and adjustable installations. ; Early photographic film, especially black-and-white film prior to 1948. Strong penetration. [7] The energetic ingredients in triple-base powders are nitrocellulose, nitroglycerine, and nitroguanidine, but because triple-base powders are primarily used in large caliber munitions, they are difficult to obtain on the open market. B. In explosive: Nitrocellulosic explosives Paul Vieille, made the first smokeless powder as it is now known. Nitrocellulose (also known as cellulose nitrate, flash paper, flash cotton, guncotton, pyroxylin and flash string, depending on form) is a highly flammable compound formed by nitrating cellulose through exposure to a mixture of nitric acid and sulfuric acid. Smokeless powders can be categorized into three classes based on their chemical composition: single-based powder which contains nitrocellulose as its sole explosive propellant ingredient, double-based powder containing nitrocellulose and nitroglycerin, and triple-based powder containing nitrocellulose, nitroglycerin, and nitroguanidine. Lennert Category Chemistry Keywords explosive, nitrocellulose, smokeless powder, gelatin dynamite, gas chromatography, electron ionization, mass spectrometry, GC-MS, GC-EI-MS, derivatization Article Reviewed Chajistamatiou, A. Black powder rien supreme for nearly 1000 years before it’s successor, Smokeless Powder was developed. 3 Explosive Properties of Nitrocellulose. The handling of explosive powders is made possible by using our innovative PTS Powder Transfer System ® technology. Flash powder. As used herein, the terminology "nitrocellulose-based composition" refers to any of the flaked or granular propellants Download scientific diagram | Properties of Investigated Explosive Materials from publication: Using nitrocellulose powder in emulsion explosives | The paper presents results of research Nitrocellulose or Smokeless Powder. Some examples of materials that can be a combustible The smallest concentration (kg of powder / m3) below which the explosion cannot happen is called the minimum explosive concentration or MEC. Fulminating silver. The components of this explosive product were NC (energetic material) and diphenylamine as additive. Early European smokeless powders . 3 percent. Protect all nitrocellulose mixing and processing equipment from static electricity by grounding all metal parts. Detonation velocity is the speed with which the detonation shock wave travels through the explosive. 35. 6 percent and 13. Full toughness, not easy to break. The typical smokeless powder improvised explosive device, a pipe bomb, is roughly 10 inches long and 1 inch Nitrocellulose is also impact sensitive. Bertholet, a French chemist, toward the end of the 18th century made the first steps towards a new explosive when he prepared potassium chlorate and endeavored to apply its Explosives: Nitrocellulose is used as a base material for manufacturing a wide range of explosives, such as smokeless powders, propellants, and blasting agents. 6 %, depending on the application, is used. Flammability: Nitrocellulose powder is highly flammable and can ignite quickly when exposed to an ignition source. 0 and 13. an explosive powder or propellant that contains nitrocellulose and nitroglycerin as the essential components See the full definition. 100 Reactions for RACI1. As one of the main uses of nitrocellulose is as a component of propellants and explosive formulations, the improvised nitrocellulose can be combined with simple initiation mechanisms to produce improvised explosive devices (IEDs) (Kolesar et al. Resources: Nitrocellulose smokeless powder, gelatin dynamite, flexible sheet explosive Nitroethane binaries Nitromethane binaries Potassium Nitrate black powder, Pyrodex, Triple Seven, pyrotechnics, fuse Sodium Nitrate emulsions/water gels continued on Page 44 * Calcium chlorate is not a known ingredient in explosive formulations. 20 and 2. [3] 1. Invented in France in the 1880s, smokeless nitrocellulose powder quickly overtook Black Uses. The resulting pressure then explodes the container. Toutefois Collodion Le collodion est généralement composé de nitrocellulose dissoute dans un mélange d’éther diéthylique diéthylique et de l’alcool If we exclude Greek fire, which by an addition of saltpeter was made explosive at a very early and uncertain date, there existed from the 14th century to the i8th century but one explosive, black powder. We calculated the heat release rate, the time necessary The energetic ingredients in triple-base powders are nitrocellulose, nitroglycerine, and nitroguanidine, but because triple-base powders are primarily used in large caliber munitions, they are The nitrocellulose used in single-based smokeless powders has a nitrogen content between 12. NC with a nitrogen content above 12. E-grade consists of nitrocellulose with a higher nitrogen content than 11. Gelatinized nitrocellulose. Thus, more attention is required for nitroce llulose with high conte nt to assure safety during its whole Emily C. Chemical dangers The Great Western Powder Company of Toledo, Ohio, a producer of explosives, seen in 1905. Regulatory Considerations : Due to its flammability, explosive nature, and potential health hazards, the handling, storage, and transportation of nitrocellulose are subject to strict regulatory NITROCELLULOSE, dry, less than 12. 8% and the degree of substitution of 2. [1] [2] During the Tang dynasty in the 9th century, Taoist Chinese alchemists were eagerly trying to find the elixir of immortality. Black powder which is basically a mixture of saltpeter (potassium nitrate), carbon and sulfur, is characterized by good ignitability, a constant igniting capacity and a uniform burning consumption. 3C Packing Group. 32 small calibers. Nitrocellulose (NC)-based propellants have played a pivotal role in the development of energetic materials for both military and civilian applications. A rapid method for the identification of NC in bulk explosives using GC–EI–MS was developed. Propellants containing nitrocellulose are Nitrocellulose is a white, flammable, highly explosive powder that is made by treating cellulose with nitric acid. pipe bombs and pressure cooker IEDs) [1]. Nitrocellulose can also be called cellulose nitrate and this is the material of smokeless gunpowder, the substance developed by Paul Vieille in 1884. Results of selected detonation parameters for prepared compositions of explosive materials with the Nitrocellulose with Nitrogen content between 11. Solubility: Nitrocellulose powder is soluble in a wide range of organic solvents, including alcohol, ether, acetone, and esters. 1134/S0010508211030154 Download scientific diagram | Chemical structure of nitrocellulose. Hot galvanized surface, not easy to rust. . Explosive nitro compounds of aromatic hydrocarbons. This review offers a comprehensive exploration of NC-based propellants, tracing their evolution from their historical origins as smokeless gunpowder to modern advancements. However, the reliable determination of nitrocellulose (NC), one of the main components of SP remains an analytical challenge, especially in post-blast residues. Propellant that contains NG is called “double base. Explosive organic nitrate mixtures. Smokeless powder; Handling Safety. Nitrocellulose powders are divided into single-, double- and multi-base powders . The terrific explosion of the destroyer USS SHAW when her magazine exploded after being bombed by Japanese A propellant powder comprising a nitrocellulose explosive having incorporated therein a minor amount of a composition which is the substantially neutral mixed esters of triethylene glycol with a mixture of caprylic and capric acids. Its one advantage over black powder is that We’ve just looked at one of those categorizations—performance (propellant versus explosive). Fulminating mercury. He partially dissolved nitrocellulose in a mixture of ether and alcohol until it became a gelatinous mass, which he rolled into sheets and then cut into flakes. Analytical techniques to study highly-nitrated nitrocellulose. were recorded and compared with the Raman spectra obtained by an argon laser emitting at 514. 5% N) or as an explosive (>12. This generates fire and explosion hazard. Fulminating platinum. This property allows it to be easily dissolved and used in various Jeremy Just and Dr Nathan Kilah (University of Tasmania) demonstrate the explosive combustion of gun cotton, a form of nitrocellulose. 1. For comparative purposes, the paper also presents analogous results for conventional emulsion explo-sives, which contain aluminum as an energeticfactor. Nitrocellulose powder. The nitrocellulose is then dissolved in a solvent, such as acetone, and formed into a film by spinning it on a rotating drum. such as nitrocellulose, tetryl, TNT, TATB, It was a Friday afternoon when the two explosions took place, and approximately 130 employees were on site at the time. These include smokeless The paper presents results of research concerning a cost-efficient and environmentally friendly method of utilization of the nitrocellulose powders extracted from expired ammunition. The nitrocellulose is then washed with water to remove any residual acid. It was In response to the problem of the high friction sensitivity of 3,4-bis(3-nitrofurazan-4-yl) furoxan (DNTF) in solid propellants, the inherent component of solid propellants, nitrocellulose (NC qualité du tracé. : 0161 Class & Division: 1. 2%) is also used in the civil manufacturing of adherent materials, cover layers, celluloid or other products. Feature 1. It discusses the chemical composition and Smokeless powders (SPs) are a group of low-explosives primarily used as propellant in various munitions and are frequently employed as explosive charges in bombings and terrorist attacks. Experimental determination of MEC How to measure the MEC of a dust ? Determining the minimum explosive concentration and the maximum explosive concentration requires a lot of experiments. 4 bar, with maximum rate of rise above 1. : II Section 15. 5%) is typically used for explosives, whereas nitrocellulose with a low nitrogen content was discovered to be an excellent product for wood coating explosion temperature are reduced by elevating the nitrocellulose content of nitroge n. 6 is classified as, explosive. 82, 83 Pyrotechnic devices, such as reworks and ares, utilize nitrocellulose as a binder or matrix material. Single-­base propellant has its energetic component being only nitrocellulose. It is a key, directly measurable indicator of explosive performance, but depends on density which must always be specified, and may be too low if the test charge diameter is not The paper presents results of research concerning a cost-efficient and environmentally friendly method of utilization of the nitrocellulose powders extracted from expired ammunition. It is sensitive to heat and friction, and it can detonate if it is subjected to a sudden cordite, a propellant of the double-base type, so called because of its customary but not universal cordlike shape. Dry nitrocellulose is a powerful low explosive and is very easily ignited. It is also used for immobilization of proteins, due to its non-specific affinity It is unknown who invented the first explosive black powder. Nitrocellulose (NC) is one of the most common ingredients in explosive mixtures, however because of its non-volatility, its detection using Gas Chromatography-Electron Ionization-Mass Spectrometry Nitrostarch is a secondary explosive [1] similar to nitrocellulose. in power, giving an enormously greater range, flatter trajectory and better penetration to projectile . One of its first major uses was as guncotton, a replacement See more Nitrocellulose is subject to detonation using a detonator and a booster explosive, though a For civil applications such as explosives, nitrocellulose with a nitrogen content varying between 12. 4. 6% nitrogen: ICSC: 1560 (November 2016) Cellulose nitrate Cellulose tetranitrate Pyroxillin: heat, shock, friction, naked flames, sparks or electrostatic discharges. Its removable and adjustable nature means you can easily modify and fine-tune your In response to the problem of the high friction sensitivity of 3,4-bis(3-nitrofurazan-4-yl) furoxan (DNTF) in solid propellants, the inherent component of solid propellants, nitrocellulose (NC), was used to coat DNTF explosives via the water suspension method. Accidental Release Measures Powder, smokeless UN ID No. Nitrocellulose is the main compound in smokeless gunpowder. F. Nitrocellulose is a fibrous or powdered substance and may detonate or Nitrocellulose with a high nitrogen content (>12. Single Smokeless Powder. F or comparativ e purposes, the paper also presents analogous results for conv entional emulsion explo- This is a compilation of published detonation velocities for various high explosive compounds. Unlike black powder, which burns by the chemical reactions of its constituent ingredients, nitrocellulose is an inherently unstable compound that burns by decomposing rapidly, forming hot gases. See Notes. for high explosive filling, nitrocellulose, spherical powders and single base propellants > Countries involved: USA, Brazil, Canada, India, South Korea • Today, with regards to explosives and propellants, technologies considered for transfer include: > New construction or upgrade of complete production units > Quality control laboratories smokeless powder nitrocellulose stabilizer Prior art date 1928-06-11 Butmononitrotoluene is itself a very powerful, although very safe explosive and the smokeless powder inv which it is incorporated as dryer, solvent, and stabilizer, has thus no inert ingredients, but is 100% eflicient and yet it is at the same time entirely safe for when Nitrocellulose is a chemical compound formed when cellulose, an organic polymer found in cotton fiber and wood, is "nitrated" by exposure to nitric acid or a similar agent. 5 nm for nitrocellulose powder. It was sold to Winchester and others primarily for . It is well known in the prior art that nitrocellulose can be mixed with black powder to produce an explosive composition which is capable of generating a greater amount of gas and heat than Specifically, a sample containing single-base smokeless powder (PSB-1 by maxam Madrid, Spain) was diluted in acetone so as to contain about 400 μg of NC. from publication: Study into influence of different types of igniters on the explosion parameters of dispersed nitrocellulose As compared to gun powder, modern nitrocellulose explosive is characterised by great incre ase . Double-base powder includes either nitroglycerine or Nitrocellulose is obtained by treating purified, fluffed, and dried cellulose with a mixture of sulfuric and nitric acids. The smokeless powder was treated with the protocol described and was analyzed six times. When it is ignited, the very small powder load transforms into a large gas volume almost without smoke or residue. Nitrocellulose is used as either collodion cotton (<12. Between the 10th and 12th centuries, the Chinese developed the huo qiang (“fire lance”), a short-range proto-gun that channeled the explosive power of gunpowder through a cylinder—initially, a bamboo tube. The explosion of NC is a special form of chemical reaction, determined by its chemical structure, which is normally initiated by the physical factors such as light, mechanical, heat, sparks, friction, and shock waves. 3% with a degree of substitution between 2. explosive materials with the nitrocellulose powders are presented. Black powder also known as gunpowder is a mixture of saltpeter (potassium nitrate), sulfur, and charcoal (carbon). SP-based IEDs are of concern among law enforcement agencies especially in the USA where SPs are readily available [2]. The resulting product is gun cotton. ; Bakeas, E. Citation 2013). Nitrocellulose (NC) is one of the most common ingredients in explosive mixtures, however because of its non-volatility, its detection using Gas Chromatography–Electron Ionization–Mass Spectrometry (GC–EI–MS) has not been achieved until today. The tools and equipment should also be explosion-proof. g. Much like starch, it is made up of two components, nitrated amylose and nitrated amylopectin. 8% up to 12. the fiber structure in the nitration is severely damaged and becomes powder smokeless powder came in France in 1886 • Paul Vieillefound ways to nitrate cotton so that it was possible to dissolve in solvents, which led to gelii dlatinized masses of nitrocellulose, which could be formed into grains 10 Nitrocellulose (mainly C 6 H 7 N 3 O 11)is used to make anything from Smokeless Gun Powder (also called Triple Base, due to the addition of nitroglycerine, nitroguanidine flash suppressor and burn rate catalysts), Double Base (DB) It is largely credited as being the first chemical explosive developed. Fulminate of mercury. Ball propellant (trademarked as Ball Powder by Olin Corporation and marketed as spherical powder by Hodgdon Powder Company [1]) is a form of nitrocellulose used in small arms cartridges. While pure, clean nitrocellulose is mostly stable and can be safely handled, nitrocellulose that contains remaining traces of acid is very unstable and may spontaneously combust in air. The paper presents results of research concerning a cost-efficient and environmentally friendly method of utilization of the nitrocellulose powders extracted from expired ammunition. 20 belongs to grade AM. It's explosive and Single-base powders consist of nitrocellulose (NC), while double-base powders have a certain percentage of nitroglycerin (NG) added to the NC. 42 kbar/s have been recorded [6]. Nitrocellulose is a major component of smokeless gunpowder (also see the section on guncotton below). The powders are applied as an aluminum substitute in emulsion explosives. [1] The first, and largest, explosion occurred at the magazines shortly after 2 pm [b] after the workers had returned from lunch. 2. The coated samples were characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and friction sensitivity tests at a Nitrocellulose with low nitrogen content (11. Smokeless powder comes in all different forms, using Nitrocellulose as a base (Single Base Powders) to using a combination of Nitrocellulose and Nitroglycerin Nitrocellulose is a highly combustible substance that is extensively utilized in creating a variety of products, making the appropriate handling and storage of this material vital for worker safety. 5% allows for the production of nitrocellulose powders . 5–12. ” NG is an explosive and contains lots of energy, but it is not a completely free 3. 5. *Sand CO2, foam or dry powder will NOT extinguish burning nitrocellulose and must not be used. The washed nitrocellulose is then dried and ground into a fine powder. Within the nitrocellulose containing explosives are included dynamites and propellants. Extinguishing Media Burning nitrocellulose can ONLY be extinguished by LARGE quantities of water applied as mist or spray. Wetted Nitrocellulose is relatively safe to work with, and functions better at low pressures compared to Black Powder. Overview of characteristics, properties and determination of highly-nitrated nitrocellulose. Coatings and Inks: Explosive: Nitrocellulose is highly explosive and can detonate if exposed to a spark or flame. Explosive powders. Adding nitrocellulose directly to the propellant will lead to a sharp increase in the viscosity of the propellant slurry due to the rapid absorption of plasticizer, The present invention is directed to the modification of a conventional nitrocellulose-based explosive propellant composition. 3. When the solvent evaporated, it left a hard, dense material resembling Nitrocellulose is the commercial term for cellulose nitrate, the nitric ester of cellulose. The first smokeless powder, Poudre B, was developed in 1886 by the French chemist Paul Vieille. Smokeless powders (SPs) are low explosives typically used as a propellant for ammunition but are also encountered in improvised explosive devices (IEDs) (e. “ • Gunpowder was invented by chinese alchemists in the 9th century. S. The Hazards: Nitrocellulose is subject to detonation using a detonator and a booster explosive, explosive mater ials with the nitrocellulose powders ar e presented. Fire and Explosion Hazard Risk of explosion by shock, friction, fire or other sources of ignition. , Germany, and Taiwan. It is sensitive to heat, shock, and friction, and can ignite The meaning of DOUBLE-BASE POWDER is an explosive powder or propellant that contains nitrocellulose and nitroglycerin as the essential components. Introduction. Le collodion, composé de nitrocellulose dissoute dans un mélange d’éther diéthylique et d’alcool éthylique dans une solution de nitrocellulose, est souvent utilisé dans ce contexte. In our analysis, we assessed the dangers associated with nitrocellulose by both numerical and experimental research. Nitrocellulose-based compositions have long been available as smokeless gun powders and explosives. Ball propellant can be manufactured more rapidly with greater safety Combustible dust hazard refers to the risk of ignition and explosion due to particles suspended in air, usually as a result of mechanical processing or handling of materials. Thread design. Triple-base powders are used mainly in military applications and are rarely encountered in forensic work. Another important component of gunpowder is nitroglycerin. However, the energetic properties of improvised nitrocellulose are largely unknown Examples are nitrocellulose, double base powder, smokeless powder, black powder, cordite and the metal oxidizer mixtures. At its roots, the history of chemical explosives lies in the history of gunpowder. Keywords: emulsion explosives, aluminum, ammunition utilization, nitrocellulose powder DOI: 10. Suggested Citation: The primary purpose of the containers is to confine the gases produced during the burning of the explosive powder. Fulminating gold. This system conveys powders safely, as it does not include any moving or rotating parts and transfers powder at a very This magnified image of H110 illustrates propellant spheres passed between rollers to produce a uniform minimum dimension. G. Fulminate of silver. [1] There would have been approximately ten tons of guncotton stored in the 3 magazines at one end of the works that day. Results of selected detonation parameters for prepared compositions of explosive materials with the The nitrocellulose production and handling are associated with a risk of fire and explosion. Page 21 Share Cite.