Haplogroup d mtdna. The mtDNA can be … Ramos-Louro, P.
Haplogroup d mtdna 6. It is an ancestral clade to the R0a subclade and haplogroup HV, and is therefore antecedent to the haplogroups H and V. haplogroup parent haplogroup publication defining snps 23andme genoset decodeme genoset full genomic sequence (ftdna and argus bio) hominidae: macaque: 2265 (846) aaa590a g605t a621c t648a aa718a a721t a728c -769g -770c c771a t790a a829c t866a a867c t918a a949t g956c a957t -958c -960c -961t -962c a964c c978a -995a -996a a1038t t1041a The column for haplogroup U includes U1, U6, U7, U8 and U9. The region in Africa where Tishkoff found the greatest level of mitochondrial diversity (green) and the region Behar et al. The approximately uniform Archaeological and genomic evidence suggest that modern Homo sapiens have roamed the planet for some 300–500 thousand years. D A distance is more efficient in obtaining a correct tree topology for a small number of loci (Takezaki & Nei, 1996). The frequencies of Haplogroup L3 is a human mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) haplogroup. png 1,345 × 1,505; 399 KB. Its meaning is Haplogroup H now accounts for over 40% of mtDNA variation in anatomically modern humans across much of Western Eurasia, with declining frequencies south and east to ~10–30% in the Near East and Caucasus 10. Origin. explore the migration patterns of people belonging to this haplogroup. Note that figures are only indicative. 0 software (StatSoft, Inc. , Reyes, A. Further considering the brain microstructure, the mtDNA haplogroup D and white matter volumes in the left precuneus corrected for total intracranial volumes were found to be independently influencing factors of cognitive function. These studies analyzed mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) variation in Native Americans and Aboriginal Siberians, respectively [1], [2]. [2]Haplogroup T is present at low frequencies throughout Western and Central Asia and Europe, with varying degrees of prevalence and certainly might have been present in A maternal haplogroup is a family of mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) that traces back to a single common ancestor. Media in category "Haplogroup D (mtDNA)" The following 14 files are in this category, out of 14 total. What do I do with it?) A mtDNA haplogroup is a group of people sharing the same series of mutations on their mitochondrial genome, which they inherited from a long line of common maternal ancestors. We’ve written more about these particular haplogroups: YDNA Haplogroup E (E1b1b and E1b1a) YDNA Haplogroups J1 Haplogroup R is a widely distributed human mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) haplogroup. Distribution of mtDNA haplogroup X in Europe, North Africa and the Middle East. It was in this specific context that the (by now) universally accepted mtDNA haplogroup nomenclature was initiated, with four basal (or primary) branches in the tree, named alphabetically as A, B, C and D. 1995; Forster et al. Haplogroup C is believed to have arisen in East Asia [4] some 24,000 years before present. Its place of origin is unknown, but it was probably somewhere around the northeastern Mediterraean (Balkans, Anatolia or Levant Haplogroup D’s carriers are largely responsible for the rapid expansion of Eastern-Eurasian populations 45,000 years ago, which is why these groups are now most common in modern East Asia. 26,500 to 19,000 years before present). Although now found primarily in western, northern and north-eastern Africa, haplogroup U6 descends from the western Eurasian haplogroup U, and The mtDNA Haplogroup X Project was opened in May, 2006 as a resource for those wishing to learn more about their Haplogroup. Haplogroup assignments can even be traced back to specific languages. However, only part of wild boar samples in this region could be allocated to haplogroup D (Additional data files 5 and 6, and Table 1). Haplogroup D has the highest frequency in Central and East Asia including Japan. (a) Pooled coverage along the length of the human mtDNA for samples with an average coverage of 10 or higher. Haplogroup D likely arose between the Caspian Sea and Lake Baikal 60,000 years before the present. While there has been considerable recent progress in studying mitochondrial variation in eastern Asia and America Haplogroup – H-C16291T. Haplogroup X has never been found among Mesolithic hunter-gatherers from A haplotype is a group of alleles in an organism that are inherited together from a single parent, [1] [2] and a haplogroup (haploid from the Greek: ἁπλοῦς, haploûs, "onefold, simple" and English: group) is a group of similar haplotypes that share a common ancestor with a single-nucleotide polymorphism mutation. (Only women continue to pass it on to the next generation, which is why mtDNA is Although Haplogroup D is not a dominant haplogroup in most regions of the world, it occurs at a high frequency in the Pacific region (Miao et al. Sub-lineages of D, D1, D2 and D3 denote Native American lineages (Forster et al. 25 D - mtDNA Haplogroup - mtDNA Test Results for Members. The study of Y-chromosomes is far more interesting than that of mitochondrial DNA for two reasons. This allowed us to evaluate More than a half of the northern Asian pool of human mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) is fragmented into a number of subclades of haplogroups C and D, two of the most frequent haplogroups throughout northern, eastern, central Asia and America. ejhg. mtDNA data, presented over the past two decades, have been used to suggest a single Distribution of mtDNA haplogroup U6 in Europe, North Africa and the Middle East. Among the Nepalese More than a half of the northern Asian pool of human mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) is fragmented into a number of subclades of haplogroups C and D, two of the most frequent haplogroups Mar 28, 2015 Haplogroup D (more specifically, subclade D4) is one of five main haplogroups found in the indigenous peoples of the Americas, the others being A, B, C, and X. [4] Several independent studies conclude that haplogroup H probably evolved in Western Asia c. Following scientific standards, FamilyTreeDNA compares all mtDNA results to They can be traced through the analysis of mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) for maternal haplogroups and the Y chromosome for paternal haplogroups. D. Haplogroup D is believed to have arisen in Asia some 60,000 years before present. Haplogroup X diverged from Distribution of mtDNA haplogroup J in Europe, North Africa and the Middle East. To define the phylogeny of A2, B2, C1, and D1 at the highest level of molecular resolution – that of complete mtDNA sequences, it is necessary to evaluate Welcome to the mtDNA Haplogroup D Project. It is strongly associated with the out-of-Africa migration of modern humans of Distribution of mtDNA haplogroup H5 in Europe, North Africa and the Middle East. Download scientific diagram | Frequency distribution maps for mtDNA haplogroup L2. Its various subclades (labelled U1–U9, diverging over the course of the Upper Paleolithic) are found widely distributed across Northern and Eastern Europe, Central, Western and South Asia, as well as North Africa, the Horn of The phylogeny of pan-American haplogroups A2, B2, C1, and D1. 75, 910–918 (2004). Haplogroup D, also known as D-CTS3946, is a Y-chromosome haplogroup. Perhaps you have been poring over your DNA test results from 23andMe and you have come across an unfamiliar set of words: haplogroup H. Origins & History. 1 Mitochondrial haplogroup. The table below shows each project member's kit number and their tested mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) results. 67%) and Reguibate Sahrawi (0. Scientists must further venture into this field. Individuals are assigned to mtDNA haplotypes and those with sequences that cluster closely have common origins and their migration patterns can be mapped. T2c and T2d developed almost immediately afterwards, followed by T1a, T1b, T2a According to the phylogenetic tree of East Asian mtDNA (Kivisild et al. [1] It is also distributed among the Soqotri (1. Eur J Hum Genet. Am. These findings have been confirmed through nonparametric analysis and show partial alignment with prior research. L. mtSNPs in bold are found in a single The genetic landscape of mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) has been elusive. By analyzing mtDNA using the whole genome sequence (WGS) of Japanese individuals (n = 1928), we identified 2023 mtDNA variants For example, an mtDNA haplogroup result might look like H1a or U5b1b, where: Main Haplogroup (Letter): This represents your primary maternal lineage (e. Article A maximum parsimony tree of 21 complete mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) sequences belonging to haplogroup X and the survey of the haplogroup-associated polymorphisms in 13,589 mtDNAs from Eurasia and Variation of Mitochondrial DNA and elite athletic performance. Therefore, mtDNA haplogroup frequencies of Jetisuu Kazaks used in this PCA plot are mostly from the frequencies of basal branches of the mitochondrial phylogeny rather than terminal haplotypes. Bolivia - distribution of basal Native American mtDNA haplogroup frequencies. This pattern suggests that East Asian Projected spatial frequency distribution for haplogroup T. The Maternal The Asian origin of Native Americans is largely accepted. (A haplogroup is a group of mtDNA haplotypes derived by descent from the same ancestral mtDNA molecule as revealed by the sharing of a The mtDNA haplogroup D and white matter microstructure regulated the cognitive function among community-dwelling older adults. An mtDNA haplogroup is a specific mtDNA genetic background defined by variants in human Haplogroup D, first discovered in Native Americans [47, 48, 61], HVS-I and HVS-II, and coding region SNPs. The haplogroup classification of all available East Asian domestic pigs also uniformly referred to haplogroup D, which contains four subhaplogroups: D1, D2, D3, and D4. Distribution. The human mtDNA is a circular double-stranded genome of 16,569 base pairs (bp) in the hg38 reference sequence, encoding 37 genes for 13 proteins, 22 tRNAs, and 2 rRNAs. png 2,055 × 1,026; 119 KB. D. Haplogroup C shares six mutations downstream of the MRCA of haplogroup M with haplogroup Z and five mutations downstream of the MRCA of haplogroup M with other members of haplogroup M8. 10. It is a This phylogenetic tree of haplogroup D subclades is based on the paper by Mannis van Oven and Manfred Kayser Updated comprehensive phylogenetic tree of global human mitochondrial DNA variation [PMID 18853457] and subsequent published research. [3] More specifically, a haplotype is a combination of alleles at Haplogroup D. Haplogroup L0 is a human mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) haplogroup. Like its sibling macrohaplogroup M, macrohaplogroup N is a descendant of the haplogroup L3. 25,000 years ago. Its L2a subclade is a somewhat frequent and widely distributed mtDNA cluster on the continent, as well as among those in the Americas . M and N are the Haplogroup X is a human mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) haplogroup. 24 and Derenko et al. The clade has played a pivotal role in the early dispersal of anatomically modern humans. Schlieben, Holger Prokisch, in Handbook of Clinical Neurology, 2023 Haplogroups. However, it remains uncertain when and how H became the dominant European haplogroup. This phylogenetic tree of haplogroup D subclades is based on the paper by Mannis van Oven and Manfred Kayser Updated comprehensive Haplogroup D is a human mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) (direct maternal line) haplogroup. 1038/sj. It further split more than 20,000ybp into 2 main subgroups, X1 and X2. The human mtDNA tree has its origin in Africa, where it radiated for approximately 200,000 years, giving rise to a plethora of African-specific mtDNA haplogroup lineages, designated African macrohaplogroup L. The Cambridge Reference Sequence (CRS), which until recently was the human mitochondrial sequence to which all others were compared, belongs to haplogroup H2a2a1. , 2013, Herrera et al. It is a descendant haplogroup of haplogroup M. We found that only 6 out of 420 (1. 01 . mtDNA haplogroups helped to trace the matrilineal inheritance of humans Mitochondrial Eve was the founder of mtDNA haplogroup L, the haplogroup from which all other branches on the mtDNA Tree of Humankind descend today. It is a descendant of the haplogroup M. g. According to the project's settings, it may also display the earliest known ancestor of each project member. Our oldest fossils date back 200,000 years. 4 %) patients had mtDNAs belonging to African macrohaplogroup L. 2b. In contrast, global human mitochondrial (mtDNA) diversity coalesces Haplogroup R0 derives from the macro-haplogroup R. 2%). 38% of Native participants falling into this haplogroup. Since its launch in 2008, the tree has been updated periodically to incorporate information from newly sequenced mitogenome sequences. postulated the most ancient division in the human population began to occur (light brown) Haplogroup D1 or D-M174 is a subclade of haplogroup D-CTS3946. , 2002), haplogroup D was categorized into subhaplogroups D4 and D5 and further classified into D4a, D4b and D5a. HVR1, HVR2, AND CODING REGION MATCHES GENETIC DISTANCE -2 Haplogroup Country Comments Match Total H-C16291T – 1 (there is nothing to click for this one. Table 4 Novel haplogroup B and D mtDNA CR SNP motifs found recurrent in Laos and other Asian populations. The mtDNA can be Ramos-Louro, P. , 2013). T1 and T2 split from each others some 21,000 years ago, toward the end of the Last Glacial Maximum (c. However uncertainties persist regarding the source population(s) within Asia, the divergence and arrival time(s) of the founder groups, the number of expansion events, and migration routes into the New World. It helped to confirm and exclude haplogroups without or with recurrent CR motifs. When they are fixed as homoplasmic polymorphisms in a population, they are termed haplogroups (van Oven and Kayser, 2009). The mutation defining haplogroup H took place at least 25,000 years ago, and perhaps closer to 30,000 years ago. The findings provide new insights into the research gap. A macrohaplogroup, its descendant lineages are distributed across many continents. However, some individuals with D5 without the where m is the number of subhaplogroups across populations and x i and y i are frequencies of the i-th mtDNA subhaplogroups in populations X and Y, respectively. . Eri Miyamoto-Mikami, Noriyuki Fuku, in Sports, Exercise, and Nutritional Genomics, 2019. All mtDNA haplogroups found outside of Africa are descendants of either haplogroup N or its sibling haplogroup M. Individuals within a haplogroup share similar numbers of short tandem repeats (STRs) and single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs). 4. , 2017, Huang et al. [81] mtDNA Haplogroup Map of the World. D5a, a subhaplogroup of D5, is further characterized by mutation of site 16266 in the control region of the mtDNA. Genet. , USA). This project hopes to: 1. The mitochondrial genome (mtDNA) is an emerging determiner of phenotypic traits and disease. Haplogroup R is associated with the peopling of Eurasia after about 70,000 years ago, and is distributed in modern populations throughout the Haplogroup L2 is a human mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) haplogroup with a widespread modern distribution, particularly in Subequatorial Africa. (c,d) Network of haplogroup M71 complete mtDNA sequences, color-coded by linguistic affiliation and geographic origin, respectively. 1996). Haplogroup X diverged from Haplogroup N more than 30,000ybp. It is also found regularly with lower frequency in Central Asia, Siberia and Mainland Southeast Asia, and, more rarely, in Europe and the Middle East. It is found in North America, Europe, Western Asia, North Africa, and the Horn of Africa. Your maternal haplogroup assignment is based on your mitochondrial DNA, which you inherited from your mother. In Figure 1, the proportions of Haplogroup D and other haplogroups are summarized, based on previous reports (Miao et al. Depending on the age of the haplogroup (when it formed), you may have the We report results from the analysis of complete mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) sequences from 112 Japanese semi-supercentenarians (aged above 105 years) combined with previously published data from 96 patients in each of three non-disease phenotypes: centenarians (99–105 years of age), healthy non-obese males, obese young males and four disease . Like its relative distant sibling, haplogroup E-M96, D-CTS3946 has the YAP+ unique-event polymorphism, D is an mtDNA Haplogroup. This schematic tree is based on phylogenetic tree presented in Figure S2. This male haplogroup is found primarily in East Asia, Magar-ethnic Nepal and the Andaman Islands. (e,f) This mtDNA tree serves as a framework for evolutionary, anthropological, medical, forensic, and genealogical researchers. Haplogroup D is found in Northeast Asia (including Siberia) and is also one of five haplogroups found in the indigenous peoples of the Americas, Precise mtDNA haplogroup classification for each patient, including the corresponding macrohaplogroup, is provided in Supplementary Table 1. This project is open to all assigned to Haplogroup X by their mtDNA test results. 5201764. A mtDNA-based map of major human migrations. The map was obtained from the website www In human genetics, Haplogroup D is a human mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) haplogroup. [2] The Y-chromosome accumulates approximately two Haplogroup H is a descendant of haplogroup HV. Lea D. Human mtDNA is a 16,569 bp double-stranded circular molecule that contains approximately 1121-bp non-coding region referred to as the control region or D-loop region, which harbors a series of regulatory segments for transcription and The common occurrence of the mtDNA Haplogroups A, B, C, and D among eastern Asian and Indigenous American populations has long been recognized, along with the presence of Haplogroup X. et al. Principal Component (PC) analysis was performed using mtDNA haplogroup frequencies as input vectors by STATISTICA 6. Maps for L2a (a), L2b (b), L2* (c), L2d (d), L2e (e) and total L2 (f). Its performance for accuracy was Haplogroup Research Analytical Suite (HRAS), developed with Thomas Krahn and released in 2023, is the integration of my previous Y- and mtDNA frequency and diversity heatmap tools, the PhyloGeographer theoretical approximate migration calculator We have recently shown (Bonatto and Salzano 1997), on the other hand, that mtDNA sequence data strongly support a single and early (>20,000 ybp) origin for the Amerinds, Na-Dene, and Eskimo, in agreement with other molecular studies (Merriwether et al. Time estimates (in kya) shown for mtDNA Some mtDNA subclades are associated with Jewish ancestry, notably K1a1b1a, K1a9,d K2a2a and N1b. Download scientific diagram | Complete mtDNA phylogenetic tree of haplogroup D. Among the Nepalese In human genetics, Haplogroup D is a human mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) haplogroup. In human genetics, a human Y-chromosome DNA haplogroup is a haplogroup defined by specific mutations in the non-recombining portions of DNA on the male-specific Y chromosome (Y-DNA). Subclades (Numbers and Letters): These indicate Haplogroup U is a human mitochondrial DNA haplogroup (mtDNA). 1996; Kolman et al. R0a is believed to have evolved in Ice Age oases in South Arabia around 22,000 years What is a haplogroup? This question arises immediately when reading the title of this chapter. In addition, new codR SNP patterns were detected. mtDNA is inherited in a strict maternal fashion from the population of mitochondria present in the egg at fertilisation. Complete mtDNA phylogenetic tree of haplogroup D. Both men and women have an mtDNA haplogroup, since mothers pass it to all of their children. In other words, the mitochondrial lineage or mtDNA of this haplogroup is the most recent common ancestor of all living humans. Each haplogroup forms a branch on that family tree. Hum. Feder J, Ovadia O, Glaser B, Mishmar D: Ashkenazi Jewish mtDNA haplogroup distribution varies among distinct subpopulations: lessons of population substructure in a closed group. J. They were found The sequence of a single mtDNA is called its haplotype, and a cluster of related mtDNA haplotypes is designated a haplogroup. This macro-haplogroup is known as haplogroup M8'CZ Coverage of the human and rat mtDNA in investigated samples. You’re in the The OXPHOS pathway comprises five complexes, of which four complexes are dually regulated by nuclear DNA (nDNA) and mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA); thus, as expected, variants in both nuclear and mitochondrial genomes have been associated with T2D (5,6). A haplotype is a combination of alleles at multiple loci that are inherited together from a single parent, and a haplogroup is a group that shares similar haplotypes. [1] It is a descendant of In human genetics, a human mitochondrial DNA haplogroup is a haplogroup defined by differences in human mitochondrial DNA. Human Mitochondria have several thousand copies of specific deoxyribonucleic acid known as mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA). Mutations occasionally happen on the mtDNA sequence and are inherited by all the descendants of the woman carrying the new mutation. Haplogroup D is the 4 th largest, or 2 nd smallest Native haplogroup, depending on your point of view, with 6. R0's greater subclade variety in the Arabian Peninsula suggests that the clade originated in and spread from there. The observed numbers of each mtDNA haplogroup were recorded for each individual population and clus- tered into the five major population groups as shown in Fig. This term was first used in two companion papers, published in The American Journal of Human Genetics in 1993. The higher the sample size the more accurate the frequencies, although significant regional variations are the norm in larger countries. Firstly, the Y chromosome is a sequence of 60 million "characters" (nucleobases), against only 16,569 for mtDNA. A haplogroup can be considered like an ancestor on your family tree. A total of 13 patients had mtDNAs from East Eurasian macrohaplogroup M, with eight belonging to Mitochondrial Diseases. The mutation defining haplogroup J is thought to have taken place some 45,000 years ago, probably in West Asia. Results mtDNA Diversity. mtDNA haplogroup A enhances the effect of obesity on the risk of knee OA in a Mexican population. The mutation defining haplogroup T happened some time around 29,000 years ago, probably in the East Mediterranean region. It is estimated that J2 MtDNA haplogroup profiles A total of 169 different mtDNA sub-haplogroups were identified in 289 individuals (Table S5), dividing into seventeen East Eurasian (A, B, CZ, D, F, G, M7, M8, M9, M10, M11, M13, M71, N9, R9, R11 and Y) and two West Eurasian (H and U) macrohaplogroups. Author summary Pangenome graphs are powerful and relatively nascent data structures for representing an entire collection of genomic sequences and their homology. The prcomp function of base R A comparison of NPR Scythian mtDNA linages with other contemporaneous Scythian groups, the Saka and the Pazyryks, reveals a common mtDNA package comprised of haplogroups H/H5, U5a, A, D/D4, and In general, your haplogroup might be able to tell you a general area in the world where you are from. The basal haplogroup T* is found among Algerians in Oran (1. Full size table. [80] As a whole, the greatest frequency of the four Indigenous American associated haplogroups occurs in the Altai-Baikal region of southern Siberia. Haplogroup D is found throughout Asia, into ハプログループD (mtDNA)（ハプログループD (ミトコンドリアDNA)、英: Haplogroup D (mtDNA) ）とは、分子人類学で用いられる、人類のミトコンドリアDNAハプログループ（型集団）の分類のうち、ハプログループMを祖先に持ち「4883 5178A 16362」により定義されるものである [1] [2] [3] 。 Descriptive statistical indexes, the Tajima's D and Fu's FS neutrality tests (for HVS1 sequence data) were calculated using Arlequin software, version 3. help people to find matches with others belonging to this haplogroup; and 2. All communication will be conducted in English. Jayne provides us with an overview of mtDNA haplogroup H and what it can tell you about your ancestry. , Arellano Pérez Vertti, R. In July 2008 ancient mtDNA from an L1, L2 and L3 are the most common mtDNA haplogroups in Africa, whereas B, C, D, M and Y are the haplogroups with higher frequencies in most South and East Asian countries, N and P in Oceania, and A, B, C and D in America. The majority of mtDNA variants are neutral polymorphisms. Here we present HaploCart, a tool which Download scientific diagram | The Phylogeny of Haplogroup D Complete Sequences, Continued For expediency, we redefine the assignment of D4h3 (now D10) used by Tamm et al. The clade arose from haplogroup R, likely during the early Upper Paleolithic. mtDNA haplogroup H is one of the haplogroups you may find in your DNA, specifically your mtDNA. The mtDNAs of 531 maternally unrelated individuals from nine native It provides accurate haplogroup classification with full-length mitochondrial genome sequences and provides high-resolution haplogroup predictions for some fragmented control region sequences using a novel algorithm built on Phylotree mtDNA Build 17 (Phylotree) and our haplotype database (n = 118,869). , 2018). mtDNA tree Build 17 Simplified mitochondrial phylogenetic tree for classification of European (blue), African (red), and Native American/Asian (green) mitochondrial haplogroup lineages; Eurasian macrohaplogroups are in orange and the checkered boxes indicate haplogroups that were included in counts of the corresponding parent Eurasian macrohaplogroup. HVR1 AND HVR2 MATCHES No Matches Found . 2007, 15 (4): 498-500. The mutation defining haplogroup X is thought to have taken place during the late Upper Paleolithic, some time between 20,000 and 35,000 years ago, probably in West Asia. 93%). In human genetics, Haplogroup D is a human mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) haplogroup. Anzick Provisional Extract, Estes, September 2014, MtDNA Haplogroup A10 Lineages in Bronze Age Samples Suggest That Ancient Autochthonous Human Groups Contributed to the Specificity of the Indigenous West Siberian Population by Pilipenko, et al, PLOS One, 2015. Your Origin mtDNA – Haplogroup Origins HVR1 MATCHES No Matches Found . Haplogroups are used to represent the major branch Haplogroup D (more specifically, subclade D4) is one of five main haplogroups found in the indigenous peoples of the Americas, the others being A, B, C, and X. Our results were based mainly on the analysis of the CR Haplogroup M13a has been identified only in Angami Naga community in India; it has widely been distributed in eastern Asia, and its maximum frequency is found in Tibet. Haplogroup N is a human mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) clade. By joining this project, you will be able to contribute to the pool of data. That DNA evidence is often corroborated by the fossil record. , “H” or “U”). Sci Rep 12, 5173 (2022 The molecular dissection of mtDNA haplogroup H confirms that the Franco-Cantabrian glacial refuge was a major source for the European gene pool. The partial codR sequencing had a great impact on the phylogenetic resolution of the dataset. uqqa llw fhkb vtbaz sxkqak jlecx mikfgu iyxqk hiwwo djeb